Anatomy

  • Dissection
  • Biological system
    • Respiratory system
    • Digestive system
    • Cardiovascular system
      • Circulatory system
    • Urinary system
    • Integumentary system
    • Skeletal system
    • Muscular system
    • Endocrine system
    • Lymphatic system
      • Immune system
    • Nervous system
      • Sensory system
      • Visual system
      • Auditory system
      • Olfactory system
      • Gustatory system
      • Somatosensory system
      • Vestibular system
    • Reproductive system
    • Excretory system
  • Organ
    • Retina
    • Pupil
    • Irises
  • Head
    • Hair
    • Face
      • Forehead
      • Cheek
      • Chin
      • Eyebrow
      • Eye
      • Eyelid
      • Nose
      • Mouth
      • Lip
      • Tongue
      • Teeth
    • Ear
    • Jaw
    • Mandible
    • Occiput
    • Scalp
    • Temple
  • Neck
    • Adam’s apple
    • Throat
    • Nape
  • Torso
    • Abdomen
      • Waist
      • Midriff
      • Navel
    • Vertebral column
    • Back
    • Thorax
    • Nipple
    • Pelvis
    • Penis
    • Scrotum
    • Vulva
  • Limbs
    • Arm
      • Shoulder
      • Axilla
      • Brachium
      • Elbow
      • Forearm
      • Wrist
      • Hand
        • Finger
        • Fingernail
        • Thumb
        • Index
        • Middle
        • Ring
        • Little
    • Leg
      • Buttocks
      • Penis
      • Hip
      • Thigh
      • Knee
      • Calf
      • Foot
        • Ankle
        • Heel
        • Toe
        • Toenail
        • Sole

Osseous tissue

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have complex internal and external structures. They are lightweight yet strong and hard and serve multiple functions.

Soft tissue

Soft tissue is all the tissue in the body that is not hardened by the processes of ossification or calcification such as bones and teeth. Soft tissue connects, surrounds or supports internal organs and bones, and includes muscle, tendons, ligaments, fat, fibrous tissue, lymph and blood vessels, fasciae, and synovial membranes.

Bone marrow

骨髓（拉丁语：Medulla ossium；英语：Bone marrow）是一种位于较大骨骼腔中的半固态组织，主要由造血组织、脂肪组织与支持造血干细胞分化的骨髓间质组成。对人体而言，产后造血能力主要由骨髓支撑。骨髓约占人体体重的4-6%，主要分布于肋骨、椎骨、胸骨，以及骨盆中。

成人体内的骨髓每天大约能产生1000亿个血细胞，产生的血细胞通过骨髓中的血窦进入血液循环。通常人体在稳定状况下，每小时约有1010个红细胞与108-109个白细胞生成，以维持外周血循环中血细胞的组成与数量。在骨髓产生的血细胞中，髓系细胞（红细胞系、粒细胞系、单核细胞系与巨核细胞-血小板系）是完全在骨髓内分化生成的；淋巴系细胞（T细胞与B细胞）的发育前期是在骨髓内完成；另外B细胞分化为浆细胞后，也回到骨髓，并在这里大量产生抗体。

Brain

Corpus callosum

  • 胼pan胝zhi体
  • The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals, while it is absent in monotremes and marsupials, as well as other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

Eye

Epicanthic fold (内眦赘皮)

Torso

Abdomen

Lower limb

Femur

股骨

Patella

髌骨

Tibia & Fibula

胫骨 & 腓骨

Talus

距骨

Digestive system

Gallbladder

Mammals

Placentalia (胎盘)

Placentals are partly distinguished from other mammals in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother to a relatively late stage of development.

features

  • a sufficiently wide opening at the bottom of the pelvis to allow the birth of a large baby relative to the size of the mother.
  • the rearmost bones of the foot fit into a socket formed by the ends of the tibia and fibula, forming a complete mortise and tenon upper ankle joint.
  • the presence of a malleolus at the bottom of the fibula.

Marsupial (有袋)

Ossified patellae are absent in most modern marsupials (though a small number of exceptions are reported) and epipubic bones are present. Marsupials (and monotremes) also lack a gross communication (corpus callosum) between the right and left brain hemispheres.

Monotremata (单孔)

The only surviving examples of monotremes are all indigenous to Australia and New Guinea

Platypus

  • It is one of the few species of venomous mammals

Echidna

  • Their spines are actually hairs
  • They have different coloured spines
  • They form mating ‘trains’ during breeding season
  • Male echidnas have a four-headed appendage
  • They lay eggs
  • Echidnas are actually toothless mammals
  • They’re made for digging

Reptilia

Boa constrictor (红尾蚺)

Though all boids are constrictors, only this species is properly referred to as a “boa constrictor”—a rare instance of an animal having the same common English name and scientific binomial name.

Green anaconda (森蚺)

It is the heaviest and one of the longest known extant snake species. Like all boas, it is a non-venomous constrictor.

Reticulated python (网纹蟒)

Domestic

Sheep

  • ruminant mammals
  • An adult female is referred to as a ewe
  • An intact male as a ram
  • A castrated male as a wether
  • A young sheep as a lamb

Goat

  • Milk from goats is often turned into goat cheese.
  • Female goats are referred to as does or nannies, intact males are called bucks or billies, and juvenile goats of both sexes are called kids. Castrated males are called wethers.
  • Sheep and goats are closely related: both are in the subfamily Caprinae. However, they are separate species, so hybrids rarely occur and are always infertile.

Fibers

Plant

Cotton

棉

Flax

Flax (亚麻) is the plant that produces the fibers that are spun into linen thread and then woven into linen cloth.

Hemp

麻

Animal

Alpaca

羊驼

Silk

蚕丝

Wool

羊毛

Yak

牦牛

Mineral

Asbestos

  • 隔热材料、防火材料
  • 石棉瓦、刹车片、离合器片
  • 1970年发现，石棉纤维对人体有害，吸入石棉粉尘不仅会导致肺部纤维化，形成肺尘病，还能诱发支气管肺癌、胸腹膜间皮瘤和其他恶性肿瘤。
  • 欧盟要求所有成员国要在2004年底之前通过立法禁用石棉的指令。

Carbon fibers

碳钎维

Glass fiber

玻璃纤维

Synthetic polymers

Nylon

Nylon (聚酰胺纤维、尼龙，锦纶) was first used commercially in a nylon-bristled toothbrush in 1938, followed more famously in women’s stockings or “nylons” which were shown at the 1939 New York World’s Fair and first sold commercially in 1940.

Polyester

Polyesters (聚酯纤维) are one of the most economically important classes of polymers, driven especially by PET, which is counted among the commodity plastics.

Microfiber

Microfiber (超细纤维) cloths are also used to clean photographic lenses as they absorb oily matter without being abrasive or leaving a residue.

Spandex

  • invented in 1958, known for its exceptional elasticity.
  • 氨纶，用在男性衣服上很少，用在女性衣服上较多。

Semisynthesis

Rayon

Viscose, 嫘萦, 人造丝, 粘胶纤维

举例

毛巾

Textile

Woven

Canvas

Modern canvas is usually made of cotton or linen, or sometimes polyvinyl chloride (PVC), although historically it was made from hemp.

Denim (牛仔布)

Flannel (法兰绒)

Knitted (针织)

Jersey

Netted (网织)

Lace (蕾丝)

Tulle (薄纱)

Pile (桩编织)

Chenille (雪尼尔)

Velvet (天鹅绒)

Figured woven (花纹编织)

Brocade

  • 锦，平纹或斜纹
  • Brocade is a class of richly decorative shuttle-woven fabrics, often made in colored silks and sometimes with gold and silver threads.
  • 云锦是一种中国传统提花丝织锦缎，为南京特产。因其图案绚丽、纹饰华美如天上云霞而得名，与四川蜀锦、苏州宋锦并称“中国三大名锦”。《红楼梦》中多处留下江宁织造的印记。

Damask

Damask is a reversible patterned fabric of silk, wool, linen, cotton, or synthetic fibers, with a pattern formed by weaving. Damasks are woven with one warp yarn and one weft yarn, usually with the pattern in warp-faced satin weave and the ground in weft-faced or sateen weave. Twill damasks include a twill-woven ground or pattern.

Lampas

Lampas is a type of luxury fabric with a background weft (a “ground weave”) typically in taffeta with supplementary wefts (the “pattern wefts”) laid on top and forming a design, sometimes also with a “brocading weft”. Lampas is typically woven in silk, and often has gold and silver thread enrichment.

Songket

Songket is a Tenun fabric that belongs to the brocade family of textiles of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. It is hand-woven in silk or cotton, and intricately patterned with gold or silver threads.

Drink

Keywords

  • Alcoholic proof
  • Alcohol by volume

Beer

Draught beer (生啤酒)

Draught beer, also spelt draft, is beer served from a cask or keg rather than from a bottle or can. Draught beer served from a pressurised keg is also known as keg beer.

Wine

Cider (苹果酒)

Sherry (雪利酒)

Port (波特酒)

Champagne (香槟)

Brandy (白兰地)

  • Armagnac (雅文邑)
  • Cognac (干邑)

Liquor (Spirits)

distilled alcoholic beverage

Vodka (伏特加)

  • The European Union has established a minimum alcohol content of 37.5% for vodka. Vodka in the United States must have a minimum alcohol content of 40%.
  • Vodka is traditionally drunk “neat” (not mixed with water, ice, or other mixers), and it is often served freezer chilled in the vodka belt of Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Ukraine. It is also used in cocktails and mixed drinks, such as the vodka martini, Cosmopolitan, vodka tonic, screwdriver, greyhound, Black or White Russian, Moscow mule, Bloody Mary, and Caesar.

Absinthe (苦艾酒)

  • 饮用苦艾酒通常会加糖，糖用来抵消苦艾酒柔和的苦味。对于很多苦艾酒爱好者來說，一杯优质的苦艾酒是不可以加糖的，但有时可以根据口味不同略微添加些糖，以增加酒水的风味。大多数瑞士的苦艾酒厂牌推荐他们的产品不加糖饮用。

Rum (朗姆酒)

  • Rum is a liquor made by fermenting and then distilling sugarcane molasses or sugarcane juice.

Whisky (威士忌)

  • Whisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash.

Liqueur

A liqueur is an alcoholic drink composed of spirits (often rectified spirit) and additional flavorings such as sugar, fruits, herbs, and spices. Often served with or after dessert, they are typically heavily sweetened and un-aged beyond a resting period during production, when necessary, for their flavors to mingle.

Cocktail

Martini (干马天尼)

Punch (潘趣酒)

Alcohol preferences in Europe

Alcohol preferences in Europe vary from country to country between beer, wine or spirits. These preferences are traditionally associated with certain regions. Hence, the Central European pattern of alcohol consumption is associated with beer-drinking, the Mediterranean pattern with wine-drinking and the Eastern or Northern European pattern with spirit-drinking countries.