药物

Terminology

Route of administration

A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.

Topical medication

A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical medication means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments.

Drug resistance

Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in treating a disease or condition.

Penicillin

Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using deep tank fermentation and then purified. A number of natural penicillins have been discovered, but only two purified compounds are in clinical use: penicillin G (intramuscular or intravenous use) and penicillin V (given by mouth). Penicillins were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today for different bacterial infections, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use.

Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming as a crude extract of P. rubens. Fleming’s student Cecil George Paine was the first to successfully use penicillin to treat eye infection (Ophthalmia neonatorum) in 1930. The purified compound (penicillin F) was isolated in 1940 by a research team led by Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain at the University of Oxford. Fleming first used the purified penicillin to treat streptococcal meningitis in 1942. The 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared by Chain, Fleming, and Florey.

Ivermectin

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug. After its discovery in 1975, its first uses were in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat heartworm and acariasis. Approved for human use in 1987, today it is used to treat infestations including head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis and lymphatic filariasis. It works through many mechanisms to kill the targeted parasites, and can be taken orally, or applied to the skin for external infestations. It belongs to the avermectin family of medications.

Health

Terminology

  • Complication 并发症
  • Biopsy & Autopsy 活检 验尸
  • Lesion 病变
  • Placebo 安慰剂
  • Chronic disease
  • Palliative care 姑息疗法
  • Notifiable disease 法定传染病
  • Combination therapy 联合疗法
  • Targeted therapy 靶向治疗
  • Lumbar puncture 腰椎穿刺
  • Expanded access
  • Opium
  • Morphine
  • Analgesic
  • Toxin
  • Viruses
  • Infection
  • Preventive medicine
  • Virology
  • Vaccine
  • Dermatology
  • Clinic
  • Emergency medicine
  • Nutrition
  • Malnutrition
  • Pandemic
  • Epidemic
  • Quarantine
  • Starvation
  • Hypothermia
  • Sanitation
  • Prescription

Blinded experiment

In a blind or blinded experiment, information which may influence the participants of the experiment is withheld until after the experiment is complete. Good blinding can reduce or eliminate experimental biases that arise from a participants’ expectations, observer’s effect on the participants, observer bias, confirmation bias, and other sources. A blind can be imposed on any participant of an experiment, including subjects, researchers, technicians, data analysts, and evaluators. In some cases, while blinding would be useful, it is impossible or unethical.

在双盲试验中，受试验的对象及研究人员并不知道哪些对象属于对照组，哪些属于实验组。只有在所有资料都收集及分析过之后，研究人员才会知道实验对象所属组别，即解盲（unblind）。

Medical specialty

  • Surgery

  • Internal medicine

  • Obstetrics and gynaecology

  • Other

    • Pediatrics

  • Anesthesiology

  • Oncology

  • pathology

  • Cardiology

  • Otolaryngology

  • Pulmonology

  • Urology

  • Dermatology

  • Radiology

  • Gastroenterology

  • Gynecology

  • Obstetrics

  • Pediatrics

  • Orthopedic surgery

  • Oral and maxillofacial surgery

  • Neurosurgery

  • Plastic surgery

Medical education

  • Residency (住院医师)

五大皆空

內科、外科、婦產科、小兒科、急診科，医学系学生不愿选择这些科别。

Table of Contents

Sexuality in the United States

Birth control

Comstock laws

Contraception

Obscenity

Bettie Page

Playboy

Sexual revolution

The sexual revolution, also known as a time of sexual liberation, was a social movement that challenged traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships throughout the United States from the 1960s to the 1980s.

Sexual liberation included increased acceptance of sex outside of traditional heterosexual, monogamous relationships (primarily marriage). The normalization of contraception and the pill, public nudity, pornography, premarital sex, homosexuality, masturbation, alternative forms of sexuality, and the legalization of abortion all followed.

Pornography

Pornography was less stigmatized by the end of the 1980s, and more mainstream movies depicted sexual intercourse as entertainment. Magazines depicting nudity, such as the popular Playboy and Penthouse magazines, won some acceptance as mainstream journals, in which public figures felt safe expressing their fantasies.

Feminism

Paraphilia, Partialism, Fetishism

Keywords

  • Kinky, Cum Tribute

Style

Podophilia (恋足癖)

Algolagnia (恋痛)

Animal roleplay (动物角色扮演)

Transvestism (异装癖)

Olfactophilia (气味快感)

  • Olfactophilia or osmolagnia is a paraphilia for, or sexual arousal by, smells and odors emanating from the body, especially the sexual areas. Sigmund Freud used the term osphresiolagnia in reference to pleasure caused by odors.

Wet and messy fetishism (粘液癖)

  • sploshing, Soapland

Salirophilia (嗜污)

  • Mysophilia

Urolagnia (嗜尿)

  • Golden shower

Coprophilia (嗜粪)

  • Scatophilia, scat, Brown showers

Frotteurism (性器官非同意摩擦)

  • Frotteurism is the act of touching or rubbing one’s genitals up against another person in a sexual manner without their consent, to derive sexual pleasure or reach orgasm.

Voyeurism (偷窥癖)

  • Peeping Tom

Exhibitionism (暴露癖)

  • Flashing

Chronophilia (喜好特定年龄)

  • Infantilism (恋幼)
  • Pedophilia (恋童癖)
  • Hebephilia (恋少)
  • Ephebophilia (恋青)
  • Gerontophilia (恋老)

Zoophilia (恋兽)

Necrophilia (恋尸)

Klismaphilia (灌肠癖)

  • enemas

Vorarephilia (吞食快感)

Asphyxiophilia (性窒息)

  • asphyxiation can lead to accidental death due to asphyxia.
  • 重庆红衣男孩

Erotophonophilia (色诱杀人)

  • Lust murder
  • 林过云、杨新海

Autassassinophilia (被杀幻想)

References